pinyin and equivalent sounds in hindi and other languages a आ o ओ/ऑ e अ i/y ई u/w ऊ ü - same as u in French b प p फ m म f फ़ d त t थ n न l ल g क k ख h ख़(standard sounds, actually ":" is ok, but ह is incorrect. for Arabic learners, ح/خ/ه are all ok) j [tɕ] , same as first च in चिंच (Marathi), sometimes q - aspirated j x - [ɕ], Hindi native speakers sometimes pronounce the beginning श in शनिवार in this sound zh - same as z, but retroflexed ch - same as zh, but aspirated sh ष r - retroflex ज़ z - like ts in cats, but not aspirated c - same as z, but aspirated s स