# 第八章 大唐的雄健与阳光 如果你穿越回大唐的长安，你会惊讶于唐代妇女的服饰。 传统的中国女装像粽子，把手和脸之外的...

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- **Name**: 山雾幽玄
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## Content

第八章  大唐的雄健与阳光
 
 
　　如果你穿越回大唐的长安，你会惊讶于唐代妇女的服饰。
　　传统的中国女装像粽子，把手和脸之外的所有地方都严严实实地包裹住，似乎春光稍泄天就会塌下来。但是盛唐的长安，居然出现了西方妇女那样袒胸露乳的“时装”。这种服装领子开得很底，不着内衣，胸乳半露于外。为了充分突出细腻的肌肤，裙子往往以轻纱为质地，露肩裸背，行步之间，春光四射。唐诗中这样描写这种风韵：“粉胸半掩凝晴雪”（方干《赠美人》）；“雪胸鸾镜里”（温庭筠《女冠子》）。
　　唐代女人的“自由度”不光表现在服装的惊世骇俗上。唐代人还没有学会裹小脚、谈道学、立牌坊，没有发明出那么多莫名其妙的清规戒律。离婚改嫁在唐代是家常便饭，丈夫固然可以“休妻”，妻子不高兴了也可以“离家出走”。因为再嫁不难，人们一嫁再嫁，也不以为耻。就以公主为例吧，唐肃宗以前唐代前期几位皇帝的公主中，再嫁者达二十三人之多，三嫁者则有三人。
　　在唐人那里，性还没有变成需要遮遮掩掩的罪过，文人们甚至用华美的词赋公开歌颂性爱，比如白行简的《天地交欢阴阳大乐赋》。唐代人在性上比较随便，男女“瓜田李下之疑，唐人不讥也”。大历年间的民女晁采，与邻家男孩文茂“自由恋爱”，“乘间欢合”。晁母得知之后，居然说：“才子佳人，自应有此。”遂把晁采嫁给了文茂。所谓节烈观念在唐代虽然也有人提倡，但实践者不多，在《古今图书集成》所列烈女节妇中，宋代有267人，明代达到36人，而唐代只有51人。
　　唐代上层社会，对“性”更是持宽容甚至放纵的态度。文人狎妓是公开的时尚，李白这样无职无官之人固然可以“千金骏马换小妾，笑坐雕鞍歌落梅”，白居易这样的“高级领导”也公然养妓。后世宋人读到这些，惊异之余，不胜感叹：“可见当时郡政多暇，而吏议甚宽，使在今日，必以罪闻。”
　　后世所谓“脏唐臭汉”，指的就是唐代上层社会的淫乱之风。确实，唐代的王公贵族们在这方面是有点离谱了。武则天公开养“面首”就不说了，唐中宗的韦后先后与武三思、杨均、马秦客等人私通，为史所明载；唐肃宗的女儿郜国公主在丈夫早卒之后恣情纵欲，阅人无数，“秽声流闻”；唐顺宗的女儿襄阳公主下嫁张克礼后，性情“纵恣，常微行市里，有薛枢、薛浑、李元本皆得私侍，而浑尤爱，至谒浑母如姑”。唐太宗的女儿高阳公主嫁给了房玄龄的小儿子房遗爱，婚后这公主嫌一个老公不够玩，还跑到外面找和尚和道士。为了补偿，她找了两个美女供老公享用，夫妻之间“各行其是”，生活倒也相当“和谐”。
　这些床笫秽闻其实反映出唐代是中国历史上少有的“妇女解放”的年代。在其他朝代，女人们“笑不得露齿”“行不得动裙”“站不得依门”“出门不得露面”。而唐代的女人不但可以在上元节、端午节、七夕节出来游玩，平时也可以自由参加种种娱乐活动，如《开元天宝遗事·探春》记载：“都人士女每至正月半后，各乘车跨马，供帐于园圃或郊野中，为探春之宴。”唐人的女权意识在历史上空前绝后，不但出现了上官婉儿、韦后、太平公主等一系列弄权的宫廷女性，更产生了唯一的女皇帝。这种宽松的环境使唐代女人性格独立而刚强。《隋唐嘉话》记载，任瓌的妻子柳氏是著名的妒妇，甚至连皇帝的账都不买。唐太宗赐给任瓌两名宫女做为小妾，柳氏说什么也不同意。唐太宗听说，不相信天下有敢违抗圣旨的女人，遂召柳氏入宫，说如果你还不从命，就赐你毒酒自尽。柳氏居然昂然不屈，说死就死，没什么大不了。唐太宗命宫女拿来一杯醋，谎称毒酒，柳氏竟一饮而尽。搞得唐太宗也无可奈何，最后只好命任瓌在别的地方再盖一处住宅安置两名宫女。“吃醋”这个词就是因此诞生的。当然，刚烈表现并不全是妒妇，而更多的是侠女。阅读唐代小说，你会发现其中女性大多侠气逼人。比如打抱不平的荆十三娘，为民除害的李诞女，以及夜奔李靖的红拂。她们或路见不平拔刀相助，或报恩复仇矢志不渝，或身怀绝技铲除邪恶，个个刚猛豪侠，与其他朝代中国人喜欢的女性形象大异其趣。
　　唐代之所以如此被今天的中国人推崇，一个重要原因是它的“现代气质”。与“妇女解放”类似，唐代也是中国历史上唯一一个具有“体育精神”的朝代。中国皇帝多不喜欢运动，独唐代除外。马球是唐代的“皇家运动”。唐代贵族马球风气之盛，在我国历史上乃至世界历史上都属罕见。甚至在金城公主出嫁西藏这一外事活动中，还出现了“马球外交”。据记载，“景云中，吐蕃遣使迎金城公主，中宗于梨园亭子赐观打球。”这是一场由吐蕃球队与唐代宫廷球队举行的一次马球对抗赛。球赛最终结果，以临淄王李隆基、嗣虢王李邕、附马杨慎交、武秀为一方的唐代球队获胜。

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- **Posted**: 8/27/2025
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